CHAPTER 8: ACCESSING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION - DATA WAREHOUSE

CHAPTER 8:  ACCESSING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION - DATA WAREHOUSE

QUESTION FROM THIS CHAPTER:

• Describe the roles and purposes of data warehouse and data marts in an organization
• Compare the multidimensional nature of data warehouses (and data marts) with the two-dimensional nature of databases
• Identify the importance of ensuring the cleanliness of information throughout an organization
• Explain the relationship between business intelligence and a data warehouse

History of Data Warehousing:

• Data warehouses extend the transformation of data into information
• In the 1990's executives became less concerned with the day-to-day business operations and more concerned with overall business functions
• The data warehouse provided the ability to support decision making without disrupting the day-to-day operations.

Data Warehouse Fundamentals:

• Data warehouse-a logical collection of information - gathered from many different operational databases - that supports business analysis activities and decision - making tasks

• The primary purpose of a data warehouse is to aggregate information throughout an organization into a single repository for decision - making purposes

• Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL)-a process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse (take the information from internal and external, take the information of company need only, and put the information into the data)

• Data mart-contains a subset of data warehouse information (less of information, only related to financial) Eg : for mini mart, not all of things they have but for D'mart, big and all things they have put the important of information --> transform the information, what the company need --> put it to data mart
  

Describe the roles and purposes of data warehouse and data marts in an organization:

• The primary purpose of data warehouse and data marts are to perform analytical processing
• The insights into organizational information that can be gained from analytical processing are instrumental in setting strategic directions and goals

Multidimensional Analysis and Data Mining:

• Data mining - the process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone.
• To perform data mining users need data-mining tools
• Data-mining tool - uses a variety of techniques to find patterns and relationships in large volumes of information and infers rules that predict future behavior and guide decision making

• Databases contain information in a series of two-dimensional tables
• In a data warehouse and data mart, information is multidimensional, it contains layers of columns and rows
• dimension - a particular attribute of information

Identify the importance of ensuring the cleanliness of information throughout an organization:

• An organization must maintain high-quality information in the data warehouse
• Information cleansing and scrubbing is a process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information
• Without high-quality information the organization will be unable to make good business decisions.

• An organization must maintain high-quality data in the data warehouse
• Information cleansing or scrubbing - a process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information

• Cube - common term for the representation of multidimensional information                                                 

• Contact information in an operational system

• Standardizing Customer name from Operational Systems

• Information cleansing activities

Compare the multidimensional nature of data warehouses (and data marts) with the two-dimensional nature of databases:

• Databases contain information in a series of two-dimensional tables, which means that you can only ever view two dimensions of information at one time.
• In a data warehouse and data mart, information is multidimensional; it contains layers of columns and rows.
• Each layer in a data warehouse or data mart represent information according to an additional dimension.
• Dimensions could include such things as products, promotions, stores, category, region, stock price, date, time, and even weather. The ability to look at information from different dimensions can add tremendous business insight

Business Intelligence:

• Information that people use to support their decision-making efforts
• principle BI enablers include:technology, people, culture

Explain the relationship between business intelligence and a data warehouse:

• A data warehouse is enabler of business intelligence. The purpose of a data warehouse is to pull all kinds of disparate information into a single location where it is cleansed and scrubbed for analysis.

CHAPTER 7 : STORING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION - DATABASE

Chapter 7 :Storing Organizational Information - Database

QUESTION FROM THIS CHAPTER:

• Define the fundamental concepts of the relational database model.
• Evaluate the advantages of the relational database model.
• Compare operational integrity constraints and business-critical integrity constraints.
• Describe the benefits of a data-driven Web site.
• Describe the two primary methods for integrating information across multiple databases.

 DEFINE THE FUNDAMENTALS CONCEPTS OF THE RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL:

  - The relational database model stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional            tables

 - Entities, attributes, primary keys, and foreign keys are all fundamental concepts included in the             relational database model

Relational Database Fundamentals

• Information is everywhere in an organization
• Information is stored in databases

• Database – maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses).

• Hierarchical database model – information is organized into a tree-like structure (using parent/child relationships) in such a way that it cannot have too many relationships.

• Network database model – a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships.

• Relational database model – stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables.

Hierarchical Structure

Network Structure

Relational Structure

Entities and Attributes

• Entity is a person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored (The rows in each table contains the entities).

• Attributes is characteristics or properties of an entity class (The columns in each table contain the attributes).

Keys and Relationships

Primary keys and foreign keys identify the various entity classes (tables) in the database

• Primary key – a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table.
• Foreign key – a primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among the two tables.

EVALUATE THE ADVANTAGES OF THE RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL:

Relational Database Advantages

A) Increased flexibility

A well-designed database should;

• Handle changes quickly and easily
• Provide users with different views
• Have only one physical views
• Physical view – deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device
• Have multiple logical views
• Logical view – focuses on how users logically access information

B) Increased scalability and performance

A database must scale to meet increased demand, while maintaining acceptable performance levels

• Scalability – refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands
• Performance – measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction

C) Reduced information redundancy

Databases reduce information redundancy

• Redundancy – the duplication of information or storing the same information in multiple places
• Inconsistency is one of the primary problems with redundant information

D) Increased information integrity (quality)

• Information integrity – measures the quality of information
• Integrity constraint – rules that help ensure the quality of information

COMPARE RELATIONAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS AND BUSINESS-CRITICAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS:

• Relational integrity constraint-rule that enforces basic and fundamental information-based constraints
• Eg. Users cannot create an order for a nonexistent customer ; An order cannot be shipped without an address
• Business-critical integrity constraint-rule that enforce business vital to an organization's success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational integrity constraints.
• Eg. Product returns are not accepted for fresh product for 15 days after purchase

E) Increased information security

• Information is an organization asset and must be protected 
• Databases offer several security features including;

• Password – provides authentication of the user
• Access level – determines who has access to the different types of information
• Access control – determines types of user access, such as read-only access

Database Management Systems

A database management systems (DBMS) is software through which users and application programs interact with a database.

DESCRIBE THE BENEFITS OF DATA DRIVEN WEB SITE:

• A data-driven Web site is an interactive Web site kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers through the use of a database. Data-driven Web site are especially useful when the site offers a great deal of information, products, or services. Web site  visitors are frequently, angered if they are buried under an avalanche of information when searching a Web site. A data-driven Web site invites visitors to select and view what they are interested in by inserted a  query, which the Web site then analyzes and custom builds a Web page in real-time that satisfies query.

Data-Driven Websites-A data-driven website is an interactive website keep constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its costumer through the use of a database.

Data-Driven Website Advantages

• Development : Allows the website owner to make changes any time
• Content management : A static website requires a programmer to make updates.
• Future expandability : Having a data-driven website enables the site to grow faster than would be possible with a static site.
• Minimizing human error 
• Cutting production and update costs
• More efficient
• Improved stability

Integrating Information among Multiple Databases

An integration allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other.

DESCRIBE THE TWO PRIMARY METHODS FOR INTEGRATING INFORMATION ACROSS MULTIPLE DATABASES:

• A forward integration takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream processes.
  
  
  

• A backward integration takes information entered into a given systems and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes
  
• Building a central repository specifically for integrated information
  

CHAPTER 6: VALUING ORGANIZATIONS INFORMATION

CHAPTER 6: VALUING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION

QUESTION FROM THIS CHAPTER:

• Describe the broad levels, formats, and granularities of information
• Differentiate between transactional and analytical information
• List, describe and provide an example of each of the five characteristics of high quality information

ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION

• Organizational information comes at different levels and in different formats and granularities. 
• Information granularities refers to the extent of details within the information. The organizational must know what kind of information that they want for. 
• Make sure the information gives the best quality or high quality for that organizational itself.

• Employees must be able to differentiate the levels of the information, formats, and granularities of information when making a decision. 
• If the employees can knows how to use the information with different levels of information or format then, the information can be a values to the sender or receiver of the information.
• Successfully collecting, compiling, sorting, and finally analyzing information from multiple levels, in varied formats, exhibiting different granularity can provide tremendous insight how an organization is performing.

Differentiate between transactional and analytical information:

TRANSACTIONAL INFORMATION

• Encompasses all of the information contained within a single business processes or unit of work and its primary purpose is to support the performing of daily operational tasks.

• Any documentation about the information. Example: The receipt purchase by the customer.

• All the information will enter in the database and will correlate.

• The organizational need that information in database to make a decision.

ANALYTICAL INFORMATION

• Encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of managerial analysis tasks.

• From the transactional information, the organizational can get the analytical information. For example, when comes to Ramadhan, the organizational looks the previous database Ramadhan to give more promotional to customer.

• Any kind of information must have timing information because we want to look whether the information still can use in the effective time or not.

All the information have a timing information. For example, Real-time information means immediate up-to-date information. And this kind of information are not always constant because it's always keep up-to-date.

List, describe and provide an example of each of the five characteristics of high quality information:

UNDERSTANDING THE COSTS OF POOR INFORMATION:

The four primary sources of low quality information include:

Poor Information

Poor information happened when some of the information are not completed or missing and this make the information are not accurate, inability to track customers. With the poor information, its difficult for the organizational to make a right decision because of poor information happened.

High Information

High quality of information can significantly improve the chances of making a good decision and directly increase an organization's bottom line. But if the organizational have high quality information, that's not guarantee that can make a good decision because obviously people ultimately make decisions. So, if the organizational have a high quality of information but the people in the organizational do not use the information accurately, it will be nothing.

CHAPTER 5 : ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES THAT SUPPORT STRATEGIC INITIATIVES

CHAPTER 5 : Organizational Structures that Support Strategic Initiatives

QUESTION FROM THIS CHAPTER:

• Compare the responsibilities of a chief information officer (CIO) , chief technology officer (CTO) , chief security officer (CSO) , chief privacy officer (CPO) , chief knowledge officer (CKO)
• Explain the gap between IT people and business people and the primary  reason this gap exists
• Define the relationship between information security and ethics

Organizational Structures

• Organizational employees must work closely together to develop strategic initiatives that create competitive advantages
• Ethics and security are two fundamental building blocks that organizations must base their businesses upon

Compare the responsibilities of a chief information officer (CIO) , chief technology officer (CTO) , chief security officer (CSO) , chief privacy officer (CPO) , chief knowledge officer (CKO) :

IT Roles and Responsibilities

• Chief information officer (CIO) - responsible for overseeing all uses of information technology and ensuring the strategic alignment of IT with business goals and objectives

• Manager - ensure the delivery of all IT projects on time and within the budget
• Leader - ensure the strategic vision of IT is in line with the strategic vision of the organization
• Communicator - advocate and communication that IT strategy by building and maintaining strong executive relationships
• Responsible for ensuring the througghput, speed, accuracy, availability and reliability of IT.
  

• Chief technology officer (CTO) - ensuring the throughout,speed, accuracy, availability,and reliability of an organization's information technology
  

• Chief security officer (CSO) - ensuring the securities of IT systems and developing strategies and IT safeguards against attacks from hackers and viruses
• Responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems       

                                     

• Chief privacy officer (CPO) - ensuring the ethical and legal use of information within an organization
• Responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information
  

• Chief knowledge officer (CKO) - responsible to collect, maintain and distribute the organization's knowledge
• Responsible for collecting , maintaining and distributing the organization's knowledge
  

Explain the gap between IT people and business people and the primary  reason this gap exists:

The Gap between Business Personnel and IT Personnel

• Business personnel - posses expertise in functional areas such as marketing, accounting, sales, and so forth

• IT personnel - the technological expertise
• This typically causes a communications gap between the business and IT personnel
• IT personnel have their own vocabularies consisting of acronyms and technical terms. Business personnel have their own vocabularies based on their experience and expertise. For both sides to have effective communications, the business personnel must seek to achieve an increased level of understanding of IT, and the IT personnel must seek to achieve an increased level of understanding

Define the relationship between information security and ethics:

Organizational Fundamentals - Ethics and Security
1.    Ethics - the principles and standards that guide our behavior toward other people
2.   Privacy - right to be left alone when you want to be, to have control over your own personal                                      possessions, and not to be observed without your consent

SECURITY:

• Organizations information is intellectual capital - it must be protected 

• Information security - the protection of information from accidental or intentional misuse by persons inside or outside an organizations

• E-business automatically creates tremendous information security risks for organizations

CHAPTER 4 :ASSIGNMENT INDIVIDUALS OF EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS IT METRICS

ASSIGNMENT OF EFFICIENCY IT METRICS:

Throughput - the amount of information that can travel through a system at any point

Cala Qisya provides the addresses of their each outlets for easier to customers find them

Cala Qisya also required the information about sold out their stocks to customers and also the sales that their promotes

Transaction speed - the amount of time a system takes to perform a transaction

 We can directly click on what we want to purchase according to the categories when we visit the page

We can get the information of tracking parcel online which is it show that the transaction speed does not take a long time as long it has a strong connection.

System Availability - the number of hours a system available for users

The website can be reach anytime but if there have help and questions, customers must do on the hours that Cala Qisya available

Information Accuracy - the extent to which a system generates the correct result when executing the same transactions numerous times

This was taken on the 31 of January 2017 at 10:03 a.m

This was taken on 4 of February 2017 at 9:00 p.m

Web traffic - includes a host of benchmarks such as the number of page views, the number of unique visitors, and the average time spent viewing a Web page

Cala Qisya shows the numbers of people talking about theirs , total pages likes and also the number of pages followed by week 

Response time - the time it takes to respond to user interactions such as mouse click

First click at women

Second click limited edition

Its only take 2 clicks only to find what we want

ASSIGNMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS IT METRICS:

Usability - the ease with which people perform transactions and/or find information. A popular usability metric on the Internet is degree of freedom, which measures the number of clicks required to find desired information.

First click on streetwear

Second click on men

Its only takes 2 click to find the information about desired streetwear for men so that, its really easier to users or customers as it fast click for them to search information on Cala Qisya's website.

Customer Satisfaction - measured by such benchmarks as satisfaction surveys, percentage of existing customers retained, and increase in revenue dollar per customer.

As customers, we also can give our satisfaction by comment on Cala Qisya's Instagram. From this, Cala Qisya can measured as their satisfaction survey by their customers.

Conversion Rates -  The number of customers an organization "touches" for the first time and persuade to purchase its products or services. This is popular metric for evaluating the effectiveness of banner, pop-up, pop-under ads on the Internet

Financial - such as return on investment (the earning power of an organization's assets), cost benefits analysis, and break-even analysis